GMEOW Citations Module

• IRI: https://blackcatinformatics.ca/gmeow/slices/citations
• Tier: core
• Group: core

What This Slice Covers

This slice owns 29 terms and contributes 20 mapping or projection rows. Use it when its terms match the native fact you want to preserve; use the linkage tables to see how those facts leave GMEOW for consumer vocabularies.

Dependencies

• gmeow:slices/documents
• gmeow:slices/evidence
• gmeow:slices/kernel

Consumers

• The citation/credit dogfood (source/claim refactor): CITATION.cff and slice-manifest credit projection, CrossRef and CiTO/CRediT/PROV-O/PAV alignment by reference, genealogical evidence links (CitationAct via a Selector), and scholarly citation graphs.

Local Map

Examples

Citation Act

• Source: slices/core/citations/examples/citation-act.ttl
• GMEOW terms: gmeow:CitationAct, gmeow:CreativeWork, gmeow:Selector, gmeow:citationIntent, gmeow:citedEntity, gmeow:cites, gmeow:citingEntity, gmeow:intentUsesMethodIn, gmeow:selectorPage, gmeow:selectorTextQuote

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Blackcat Informatics® Inc. <paudley@blackcatinformatics.ca>
# SPDX-License-Identifier: CC-BY-4.0
#
# Worked example: citation is flat-first, reified on demand ( P4 — the same
# promotion pattern as rights). A bare gmeow:cites edge covers "A references B".
# When the citation's INTENT and exact LOCATION matter, it is promoted to a
# gmeow:CitationAct relator binding gmeow:citingEntity × gmeow:citedEntity ×
# gmeow:citationIntent, pinned to a precise gmeow:Selector (page + verbatim quote)
# via gmeow:viaSelector. gmeow:cites pairsWith gmeow:CitationAct: the flat edge
# and its reification name the same fact at two levels of detail.
@prefix gmeow: <https://blackcatinformatics.ca/gmeow/> .
@prefix ex:    <https://blackcatinformatics.ca/gmeow/examples/citations/> .

ex:myPaper a gmeow:CreativeWork ;
    gmeow:title "On Coastal Erosion in Temperate Estuaries"@en ;
    gmeow:cites ex:citedPaper .

ex:citedPaper a gmeow:CreativeWork ;
    gmeow:title "Sediment Transport Models"@en .

# --- The reified act: not just THAT it cites, but WHY (uses a method from it)
#     and WHERE (the exact passage the method appears in).
ex:cite1 a gmeow:CitationAct ;
    gmeow:citingEntity   ex:myPaper ;
    gmeow:citedEntity    ex:citedPaper ;
    gmeow:citationIntent gmeow:intentUsesMethodIn ;
    gmeow:viaSelector    ex:sel1 .

ex:sel1 a gmeow:Selector ;
    gmeow:selectorPage      "42" ;
    gmeow:selectorTextQuote "the modified Exner equation for bed evolution" .

Terms

Classes

Properties

Individuals

Linkages

• Rows: 20
• Projection profiles: dcterms, oai_dc
• External vocabularies: cito, dc, dcterms, gxv, nmo, oa, schema

Guide

Citations — who cites what, why, and exactly where

Slice: https://blackcatinformatics.ca/gmeow/slices/citations · tier: core The universal citation, credit, and attribution facility: every "see source X" in the model is one of these.

Citation, credit, and attribution — the universal CitationAct relator, Contribution degree, and selector vocabulary. Replaces the old sources.ttl evidence link with a typed, reified citation relator and an anti-rigid SourceRole. Bridges to CiTO, CRediT, PROV-O, and PAV by reference (Principle 5).

A citation is not a bare edge — it is an act, with an author, an intent, and a pinpoint. The slice is flat-first: gmeow:cites covers the 80 % case, and the machine-readable gmeow:pairsWith assertion (cites ↔ CitationAct) tells tooling exactly which relator to promote to when intent, selector, provenance, or standpoint must be recorded. The why of a citation is a value from the open, CiTO-shaped gmeow:CitationIntent vocabulary (Principle 9 — individuals, never subclasses), and the where is a gmeow:Selector — a pinpoint that specializes the evidence-span mechanism rather than reinventing it. This is also the most aggressively dogfooded slice in GMEOW: the project's own credit model and CITATION.cff projection ride this machinery (source/claim refactor).

The rubrics facility (extensions/norms) extends the relator rather than forking it: gmeow:Exemplar is a SubKind of gmeow:CitationAct — a citation with polarity that holds the cited span up as a positive, negative, or cautionary example — so the CiTO alignment arrives there for free.

The citation relator

gmeow:CitationAct

The reified citation: a citing entity cites a cited creative work with a typed intent, optionally via one or more selectors, carrying provenance, confidence, and standpoint. The promoted form of gmeow:cites (gmeow:pairsWith). Open-world EL restrictions require some citing entity, cited entity, and intent; closed-world cardinality is SHACL's. Genealogical evidence is a CitationAct with gmeow:intentCitesAsDataSource toward a work, via a selector — the typed replacement for the old hasSource link.

gmeow:cites

The flat 80 %-case shortcut from any gmeow:Entity to a gmeow:CreativeWork. Non-functional. Promote to a gmeow:CitationAct the moment intent, pinpoint, provenance, or standpoint matters — never bolt those onto the flat triple.

gmeow:citingEntity · gmeow:citedEntity

The two functional posts of the relator: one citing entity (any Entity — a claim, a module, a dataset) and one cited entity (a gmeow:CreativeWork — any WEMI tier) per CitationAct. Several citations to the same work are several acts, each with its own intent and selector.

gmeow:citationIntent · gmeow:CitationIntent

The typed why — a functional pointer into an open value vocabulary bridged by reference to CiTO sub-properties (cito:citesAsDataSource and kin, Principle 5). Seeds run from gmeow:intentCitesAsDataSource through gmeow:intentDisagreesWith to gmeow:intentBridgedByReference — the last being the intent GMEOW itself uses to record its own Principle-5 alignments. A new intent is a fresh individual, never a subclass.

gmeow:viaSelector · gmeow:Selector

The pinpoint into the cited work: page (gmeow:selectorPage), character position, verbatim quote, or generic locator. Non-functional — one citation may span several pages. Selector is a specialization of gmeow:EvidenceSpan (EvidenceSpan audit machinery) and is reused by the annotation target span (annotation target span); it replaces the retired gmeow:Citation class that collided with scholarly citation.

Credit and source-hood

gmeow:ContributionDegree

The weight of a contribution — an open value vocabulary (Principle 9) characterizing the universal gmeow:Contribution relator: gmeow:degreeLead, gmeow:degreeEqual, gmeow:degreeSupporting as seeds, CRediT-shaped, projected to CITATION.cff and CrossRef contributor metadata (source/claim refactor).

gmeow:SourceRole

The anti-rigid RoleMixin of being a source: a CreativeWork is only contingently a source — evidence for one claim, subject of another, a work in its own right throughout. Source-hood is primarily relator-mediated via CitationAct; SourceRole is the named handle for the rare case that needs one. Nothing is a source by kind.

gmeow:references · gmeow:isReferencedBy

The generic flat Entity→Entity reference pair, gathered here by the dependency surgery of slice-dependency doctrine: one definition serves RFC 5322 message threading and bibliographic referencing alike. The flat-first companion of the typed machinery above — promote when kind, locus, or standpoint matters.

Solver layer & deferred alignment

Citation analytics — counting, ranking, co-citation clustering, credit rollups — are solver-layer computations (Principle 12): the slice records the acts; it never asserts derived metrics as facts. CiTO, CRediT, PROV-O, and PAV remain bridges by reference, never axiom imports (Principle 5); the rubrics-facility projections (EARL, DQV, schema.org Rating) arrive free through Exemplar ⊑ CitationAct and are deferred to the compiler-arc window.

Dependencies

Depends on kernel, documents (the CreativeWork range), and evidence (the EvidenceSpan that Selector specializes). Consumed by the citation/credit dogfood (source/claim refactor), slice manifests, and the norms extension's Exemplar.